全国2012年4月自考英语阅读(一)00595试题（重庆自考）
全国2012年4月自学考试英语阅读(一)试题
课程代码：00595请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上
I. CAREFUL READING
Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)
Passage 1
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
People have thought very differently about children in different historical eras. In ancient Rome and throughout the Middle Ages, for example, childhood was brief: A boy or girl was considered an “infant” until the age of six, but soon afterward worked alongside adults in the fields, in the workshops, or at home. Children were thought to be born in a state of sin and were viewed as the property of their fathers. Such beliefs contributed to strict discipline of children and neglect of their special needs.
These harsh attitudes softened during the Renaissance and Enlightenment as the humanistic spirit of the times caused a rediscovery of the special qualities of childhood. In paintings, for example, young children were depicted as playing and doing other childish things, rather than being shown as miniature adults. The importance of childhood as a unique period of development was understood more fully in the 17th and 18th centuries, as reflected in the writings of two important European thinkers: the English philosopher John Locke and the French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau. John Locke argued that the newborn infant comes into the world with no inherited predispositions (天性), but rather with a mind as a “blank slate” that is gradually filled with ideas, concepts, and knowledge from experiences in the world. He concluded that the quality of early experiences, particularly how children are raised and educated, shapes the direction of a child’s life. Later, Jean Jacques Rousseau claimed that children at birth are innately good rather than evil, and that their natural tendencies should be protected against the corrupting influences of society. Rousseau’s attitude had an important influence on society, and inspired，for example，the novelists Charles Dickens and Victor Hugo，who decried(揭露)the exploitation of child labor and highlighted the need for educational and social reform．
1．It can be inferred that children in the Middle Ages ______．
A．were mistreated and exploited
B．were generally regarded as miniature adults
C．did not observe the institutional disciplines
D．did not start their childhood until the age of six
2．The author cites the example the two European thinkers’ writings to show that ______.
A．children’s behavior was described as adult-like
B．children’s innocence and playfulness were neglected
C．childhood was revealed as a period of independence
D．childhood was revealed as a unique period of development
3．The 2nd paragraph is developed by ______．
A．example B．definition
C．comparison D．cause and effect
4．The central argument made by John Locke is that ______．
A．children’s future development depends on their genetic background
B．children’s upbringing and early education may shape their future life
C．children’s character formation is largely influenced by their parents
D．the proper way of upbringing is to keep children away from society
5．At the end of the passage，the two novelists are mentioned to emphasize ______.
A．the call for educational and social reform
B．the importance of children’s school education
C．the influence of Rousseau’s attitude toward children
D．the potential negative influences of society on children
Passage 2
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage．
If ambition is to be well regarded，the rewards of ambition must be worthy of the sacrifices on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it should be widely shared，and it especially must be highly regarded by such people as the educated．who are themselves admired． However it is the educated who have claimed to have given up ambition as an ideal．What is odd is that they have perhaps benefited most from ambition，though the ambition may be more that of their parents and grandparents than of their own．
Certainly, people do not seem less interested in success now than formerly．In fact，the signs of success such as summer homes，European travel and BMWs have never ceased to be sought after．What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams，as easily and openly as once they could，lest they be thought to be aggressive，materialistic or vulgar．Instead，what has often confused us are those fine hypocritical spectacles：the critic of American materialism in possession of a Southampton summer home；the publisher of radical books who takes his meals every day in five-star restaurants；the journalist promoting participatory democracy in all phases of life，who sends his own children to expensive private schools．For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional，the motto is，“Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious．’’
Ambition has been attacked from various angles；its public defenders are few and unimpressive，though they are not extremely unattractive．As a result，the support for ambition as a healthy impulse，a quality to be admired by the young，is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States．This does not mean, however，that people are no longer ambition-driven，but only that，no longer openly honored，ambition has become something smartly concealed．
6．According to the passage，in order to keep the vitality of the tradition of ambition the successful people themselves must ______．
A．highly value it B．make some sacrifices
C．benefit from it D．make some contributions
7．Such items as summer homes，European travel and BMWs are listed to prove that ______．
A．these items are commonly used to measure success
B．these items are openly honored and admired by the public
C．people are as interested in success as they have ever been
D．people are more motivated to seek after these items than before
8．People tend not to make their ambitions fully known ______．
A．to avoid appearing professionally oriented
B．to avoid appearing snobbish and sophisticated
C．for fear that they might end up in failure or disappointment
D．for fear that they might be considered as distasteful and greedy
9．The critic，the publisher and the journalist are mentioned in the 2nd paragraph to show that they are ______.
A．selfish B．corrupted
C．hypocritical D．materialistic
10．The author’s attitude towards ambition as all ideal is ______．
A．satirical B．negative
C．appreciative D．unbiased
Passage 3
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage．
Postage stamps are labels affixed to letters or parcels to indicate that a specified amount of postage has been prepaid for delivery．Stamps are usually issued by a government or an agency representing a government，such as a national post office．The collecting and study of postage stamps and related items such as postcards is known as philately, a word derived from Greek meaning，literally, “love of what is free of further tax．’’Stamp collecting is one of the most popular hobbies in the world．
From the earliest years of the hobby，most philatelists have preferred to collect stamps by country，specializing in the issues of one or more nations．Since about the mid-1950s，however, many philatelists have become interested in topical collecting，acquiring stamps illustrating certain themes or subjects．Among the wide range of pictorials are stamps devoted to sports，art and music，aviation，birds and flowers，and telecommunications．
One of the attractions of stamp collecting is the ease of starting a collection．With access to enough incoming mail，especially from abroad，a person call build a collection without any expense．Literally tens of thousands of stamps，however, including many of the older issues，are priced very cheaply．
Little special equipment is required．A collector needs only an album to house the collection and a pair of stamp tongs with which to handle them．Stamps and accessories can be purchased easily．Nearly every city has one or more professional stamp dealers．Thousands of other dealers operate exclusively by mail or on the Internet．
When collectors have accumulated a number of valuable stamps，they must take precautions for safe storage，preferably in a bank safety deposit box．If the stamps are in mint(崭新的)condition，they should not be overlapped；through changes in humidity, overlapping stamps may stick together and become seriously damaged．Collectors also should keep accurate written inventories of all their philatelic material．
11．In the 1st paragraph，“philately” is a term dealing with ______．
A．postage delivery B．postage taxing and pricing
C．a study of postage items D．a study of postcard collecting
12．According to the passage，stamps can be classified ______．
A．by face value B．by issue
C．chronologically D．thematically
13．One of the charms of stamp collecting is that it can be started ______．
A．without any technical means
B．without too much time spent
C．without too much space needed
D．without necessarily big investment
14．According to the passage，the new stamps should avoid ______．
A．humidity B．burglary
C．being duplicated D．being catalogued
15．The writer’s suggestion made in the last paragraph is basically ______．
A．misleading B．impractical
C．ambiguous D．operational
Passage 4
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage．
A number of different aspects of life can influence mental health．In a mid-1970s study of people living in the United States，researchers identified critical areas that influence one’s mental health．These areas are working life，family life，and the social role that one occupies in the community．Negative experiences in these areas，such as an unreasonable boss or a turbulent family life，can reduce one’s overall sense of well-being．
Another important influence on mental health is stress．In general，people experience stress when the demands placed on them exceed the resources they have available to meet those demands．Significant sources of stress include major life events，such as divorce，death of a spouse，loss of a job，and illness in the family．These events can overwhelm a person’s ability to cope and function effectively. In addition，one source of stress may lead to another, as when financial hardship follows job loss．People who experience unusually traumatic events，such as rape and natural disasters，may develop post-traumatic stress disorder．
People may experience chronic stress when confronted with a continuing set of demands that reduce their ability to function．Examples of such demands include working long hours under difficult circumstances and caring for a chronically ill relative．Economic hardship，unemployment，and poverty can also produce chronic stress and undermine mental health．
Some studies suggest that genetic factors may partly determine one’s level of happiness and mental health．People seem to display a characteristic level of well-being，with some people usually feeling happy and others typically feeling sad or unhappy．Researchers have found that although people’s moods change in response to both positive and negative events，the effect wears off over time．For example，people who win the lottery or receive an unexpected promotion may feel happier at first，but over time they return to their former characteristic level of mental health．Research suggests that one’s genetic background—that is，the genes inherited from one’s parents—explains more than half of the differences in people’s characteristic mood levels．Genes may also partly determine the range of ups and downs that people feel，including whether people have large mood swings or remain stable from day to day．
16．According to the passage，the major factors that may reduce one’s sense of psychological well-being include all the following EXCEPT ______·
A．unstable marriage B．genetic heritage
C．bad-tempered managers D．lower social status
17．People experience stress when ______．
A．they have no accessible financial resources
B．they have no social resources at their disposal
C．they feel it hard to shirk family responsibility
D．they have to go beyond their ability to get a job done
18．Chronic stress may result from ______．
A．death of a spouse B．lottery purchases
C．long-time hard work D．failure to be promoted
19．From the last paragraph，it can be inferred that ______.
A．people’s moods are sometimes unstable
B．people cannot escape from negative events
C．Success may produce a long-term effect on people’s mental health
D．parents are partly responsible for their children’s distinctive moods
20．According to the passage，people’s characteristic mood levels may be affected ______．
A．physically B．biologically
C．gradually D．abruptly
Ⅱ．SPEED READING
Skim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points, 1 point each)
Passage 5
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage．
Early in World War II，the representatives of nine European governments fled to London．Nazi Germany had conquered much of Europe and had driven these leaders from their homelands．Representatives of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth nations met in London with the leaders of nine European nations．On June 1 2，1 94 1，all these nations signed a declaration pledging to work for a free world，where people could live in peace and security．This pledge，usually called the Inter-Allied Declaration, was the first step toward building the UN．
On October 30，l 943，representatives of the United Kingdom，China，the Soviet Union, and the United States signed the Moscow Declaration on General Security．This declaration approved the idea of establishing an international organization for preserving world peace．
From August to October 1944，representatives of the United Kingdom，China， the Soviet Union，and the United States held a series of meetings at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington D．C．The four nations succeeded in drawing up a basic plan，though they could not agree on some important questions．The plan’s main feature Was a Security Council on which the United Kingdom，China, France，the Soviet Union, and the United States would be permanently
represented．
In February 1945，Roosevelt, Churchill，and Stalin met at Yalta in the Crimea． The three leaders announced that a conference of United Nations would open in San Francisco on April 25，1945．This conference would use the plan worked out at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference to help prepare a charter for the UN．
Delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference on International Organization．The conference opened on April 25, 1945，13 days after the death of Roosevelt and 12 days before the surrender of Germany．Victory over Japan Was still four months away．
At the conference，some major disagreements arose between the Big Three (the United Kingdom，the Soviet Union，and the United States)and the smaller, less powerful nations．The Big Three believed they could guarantee future peace only if they continued to cooperate as they had during the war．They insisted that the Charter of the United Nations should give them the power to veto actions of the Security Council．The smaller nations opposed the veto power but failed to defeat it．
On June 26，1945，all 50 nations present at the conference voted to accept the charter. Poland had been unable to attend but 1ater signed the charter as an original member．The charter then had to be approved by the governments of the five permanent members of the Security Council and of a majority of the other nations that signed it．It went into effect on October 24，1945，a date celebrated every year as United Nations Day．
21．The passage is mainly concerned with ______．
A．how the Security Council was built
B．how the UN Charter went into effect
C．the founding of the United Nations
D．some major disagreements in the UN conferences
22．The Moscow Declaration was signed by ______．
A．3 nations B．4 nations
C．9 nations D．50 nations
23．At the Dumbarton Oaks Conference．it was agreed that the permanently represented nations at the Security Council were ______．
A．the Soviet Union，the UK，the US，and China
B．the Soviet Union，the UK，the US，China，and France
C．the Soviet Union，the UK，the US，China, and Poland
D．the Soviet Union，the UK，the US，Germany, and Japan
24．The issue of veto power was heatedly discussed at the conference held in ______.
A．Yalta B．Moscow
C．Washington D．C． D．San Francisco
25．The UN Charter was officially effective on ______．
A．June 12，1945 B．April 25, 1945
C．June 26，1945 D．October 24，1945
Passage 6
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage．
A fellow speaker from California named Geri was excited about her first speech in Japan．To be comfortable on her long flight to Tokyo，she put on her favorite designer jeans and a casual jacket．Fourteen hours later, four perfectly dressed Japanese gentlemen greeted her at Narita Airport．Smiling and bowing low, they handed her their business cards．With her carry-on bag in one hand，Geri took their cards with the other．She thanked them，glanced briefly at the cards，and packed them safely into her back pocket．She then gave them her card．
When the five of them arrived at the hotel，they invited Geri to tea in the lobby．While sipping tea，the gentlemen presented her with a small gift which she eagerly opened．One of Geri’s most charming qualities is her instinctive warmth．She was thrilled with the gift and，in typical Geri style，she squealed，“Oh，it’s beautiful!” as she gave each of the gentlemen a little hug．
At this point，the four Japanese gentlemen stood up in union and，bowing only very slightly, mumbled “Sayonara” and promptly left．Poor Geri was left stunned． What did she do wrong?
Everything! Her jeans was the first gaffe．Even if you’re coming off a bicycle in Japan，you do not meet c1ients casually dressed．The second mistake was Geri’s vulgar handling of their business cards．In Japan，the business card is one of the most important protocol tools．It is always presented and accepted respectfully with both hands． However, Geri put their cards away much too quickly．In Japan，people use business cards as a conversation starter．You chat about each other’s cards and work and do not put theirs away until they gently and respectfully place yours in safekeeping．Shoving it into her jeans pocket was the ultimate disrespect．
Then，the fourth horror of horrors was that Geri should not have opened the gift in front of her clients．In a 1and where saving face is critical，it would be embarrassing to discover the gift they gave was not as nice as the one they received．What is worse，Geri hadn’t even given them a gift !
26．The four Japanese businessmen invited Geri to tea ______．
A．in the hotel lobby B．in a hotel room
C．at a businessmen’s office D．at the airport lounge
27．The word “gaffe” in the 4th paragraph can be replaced by ______．
A．disrespect B．mistake
C．mischief D．protocol
28．According to the passage，the Japanese consider it ______．
A．an honor to be given a hug by a lady
B．ill-mannered to say good-bye humbly
C．impolite to open a gift in front of the giver
D．unnecessary for a lady to be properly dressed
29．The third mistake Geri made was that she ______．
A．met her clients casually dressed
B．took her clients’ cards with one hand
C．kept her clients’ cards in a wrong place
D．used her own card as a conversation starter
30．Geri’s experiences tell us about ______．
A．differences in the handling of business cards
B．differences in the tastes and styles of fashion
C．gender differences in business communication
D．cultural differences in business communication
III．DISCOURSE CLOZE
The following is taken from the textbook．Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces(there are more suggested answers than necessary)． Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points,1 point each)
To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone， no superhuman genius is required．A few simple rules will keep you，not from all error, but from silly error．
If the matter is one that can be settled by observation，make the observation yourself． Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that(31)______， by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted． I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles，because(32) ______； but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs，I should not commit myself until(33) ______． Aristotle，however, was less cautious．Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders；not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because(34) ______.
Many matters，however, are less easily brought to the test of experience．If, like most of mankind，(35) ______ there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias．If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that(36) ______．If some one maintains that two and two are five，or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless (37) ______ that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction．The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way．Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic，because (38) ______, but in theology there is only opinion．So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion，(39) ______； you will probably find，on examination，that (40) ______．It is a good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of biased opinions to become aware of those different from your own．
(From How to Avoid the Foolish Opinions)
[A] I have been told that they do
[B] be on your guard
[C] he had never seen one of them
[D] I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet
[E] you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do
[F] man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little comer of the universe
[G] you know so little of arithmetic or geography
[H] the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer
[I] women have fewer teeth than men
[J] your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants
[K] in arithmetic there is knowledge
[L] you have passionate convictions on many such matters
IV．WORD FORMATIONS
Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the bracket． Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points,1 point each)
41．(tight) I used my thumbnail to ______ the screw on my lamp．
42．(accept) There was a general ______ that the defense budget would shrink．
43．(suspicion) The singer was rightly ______ of meeting me until I reassured him I was not
writing about him．
44．(time) The recent outbreaks of the flu are a ______ reminder that this disease is still a serious health hazard．
45．(rich) Overseas students from a wide range of countries provide the opportunity to
exchange ideas and experiences，and ______ the intellectual and social life
of the schoo1．
46．(reason) The Industrial Revolution brought some relief to the city poor in the form of
______ well-built rows of small houses for laborers，especially in England．
47．(write) Unlike other belief systems，Greek culture recognized no single truth or code
and produced no sacred， ______ text like the Bible．
48．(experienced) Men appear to shop differently from women simply because they’re men，
rather than because they’re ______ shoppers．
49．(involve) Evidence of practical ______ in the subject is required and is normally
determined by the submission of a portfolio of work at interview．
50．(similar) There is a strong ______ between a computer virus and a biological virus．
V．GAP FILLING
The following is taken from the textbook．Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases in the box(there are more words than necessary)．Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points, 1 point each)
|
with have many other in begin permission which on admission include since |
The National Gallery is rich (54) ______ paintings by Italian masters such as Raphael and Veronese，and it contains pictures representative of all European schools of art．Many visitors are especially attracted to Leonardo da Vinci’s “Virgin of the Rocks”．
On sunny days，students and (55) ______ young people are often to be seen (56) ______ a sandwich lunch on the portico (门廊) of the Gallery overlooking Trafalgar Square．(57) ______ to the Gallery is free，as is the case (58) ______ other British national galleries and museums， which are maintained by money voted by Parliament． Bequests of pictures have been made to the galleries，at times (59) ______ a generous scale，by private individuals.
Just behind the National Gallery stands the National Portrait Gallery, in which the visitors can see portraits of British monarchs (60) ______ the reign of Richards II (1377-1399)，and of historical celebrities such as Chaucer, Shakespeare，and Cromwell．Many of the pictures are by well-known artists.
(From London Art Gallery)
VI．SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
The following questions are based on Passage Four in this test paper． Reed the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly by referring back to Passage Four．Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points, 5 points each)
61．According to the first paragraph，what are the major aspects of life that may influence one’s psychological well-being?
62．According to the last paragraph，why do people display different levels of mental health?
VII．TRANSLATION
The following excerpt is taken from the textbook．Read the paragraphs carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts．Write your answers 0n the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points, 2 points each)
Unlike most of the other non-foolish holidays，the history of April Fool’s Day, sometimes called All Fool’s Day, is not totally dear．(63)There really wasn’t a “First April Fool’s Day” that can be pinpointed on the calendar. (64) Some believe it sort of evolved simultaneously in several cultures at the same time, from celebrations involving the first day of spring.
The closest point in time that can be identified as the beginning of this tradition was in 1582, in France. (65) Prior to that year, the new year was celebrated for eight days, beginning on March 25. The celebration culminated on April 1. With the reform of the calendar under Charles IX, the Gregorian calendar was introduced, and New Year’s Day was moved to January 1.
(66) However, communications being what they were in the days when news traveled by foot, many people did not receive the news for several years. (67) Others, the more obstinate crowd, refused to accept the new calendar and continued to celebrate the new year on April 1. These backward folk were labeled as “fools” by the general populace. They were subject to some ridicule, and were often sent on “fools errands” or were made the butt (笑柄) of other practical jokes.
(From April Fool’s Day)
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